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Menampilkan postingan dari Oktober, 2022

Identifying Motors

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  Identifying Motors   Electric motors with no identification (no nameplate or lead tags) must often be maintained and repaired. Follow these steps to determine an unknown motor’s characteristics, based on the NEMA Standard method of motor identification. First, sketch the coils to form a wye. Identify one outside coil end with the number one (1), and then draw a decreasing spiral and number each coil end in sequence as shown in Figure 6-3. Using a DMM, ohmmeter, or continuity tester, the individual circuits can then be identified as follows: Step 1. Connect one probe of the tester to any lead, and check for continuity to each of the other eight leads. A reading from only one other lead indicates one of the two-wire circuits. A reading to two other leads indicates the three-wire circuit that makes up the internal wye connection. Step 2. Continue checking and isolating leads until all four circuits have been located Tag the wires of the three lead circuits T-7, T-8,...

Failure Modes Battery

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  Failure modes battery   Lead-acid (flooded) failure modes Ø   Positive grid corrosion Ø   Sediment (shedding) build-up Ø   Top lead corrosion Ø   Plate sulphation Ø   Hard shorts (paste lumps)   Each battery type has many failure modes, some of which are more prevalent than others. In flooded lead-acid batteries, the predominant failure modes are listed above. Some of them manifest themselves with use such as sediment build-up due to excessive cycling. Others occur naturally such as positive grid growth (oxidation). It is just a matter of time before the battery fails. Maintenance and environmental conditions can increase or decrease the risks of premature battery failure. Positive grid corrosion is the expected failure mode of flooded lead-acid batteries. The grids are lead alloys (lead calcium, lead-antimony, lead-antimony-selenium) that convert to lead oxide over time. Since the lead oxide is a bigger crystal than lead me...

Maintenance philosophies batteries.

  Maintenance philosophies batteries.     There are different philosophies and ambition levels for maintaining and testing batteries. Some examples: 1.       Just replace batteries when they fail or die. Minimum or no maintenance and testing. Obviously, not testing batteries at all is the least costly with considering only maintenance costs but the risks are great. The consequences must be considered when evaluating the cost-risk analysis since the risks are associated with the equipment being supported. Batteries have a limited lifetime and they can fail earlier than expected. Time between outages is usually long and if outages are the only occasions the battery shows its capability risk is high that reduced or no back-up is available when needed. Having batteries as back-up of important installations without any idea of their current health spoils the whole idea of a reliable system. 2.       Replace after a cert...

Practical Battery Testing

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  Practical battery testing   The Battery testing matrix below may help guide even the most skilled battery testing technician and will help simplify the recommended practices. The following is a description of some of the tests or maintenance parameters.   Capacity test Capacity test is the only way to get an accurate value on the actual capacity of the battery. While used regularly it can be used for tracking the battery’s health and actual capacity and estimating remaining life of the battery. When the battery is new its capacity might be slightly lower than specified. This is normal. There are rated capacity values available from the manufacturer. All batteries have tables telling the discharge current for a specified time and down to a specific end of discharge voltage. Table below is an example from a battery manufacturer. End Volt. /Cell Model 8 h Ah Ratings Nominal rates at 25º C (77º F) Amperes ...